A transmitted light polarizing microscope should be configured such that there is one polarizer below and one above the test coupon.

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The fiber diameter is measured using a calibrated eyepiece. Single fiber fragmentation technique apparatus. Fabrication of single fiber fragmentation specimens using a thermoplastic matrix and glass or carbon fiber reinforcement can also be completed with variations in the thermoset procedure as noted below:. Lay fibers across the rubber gasket and the thermoplastic film. The fibers are held in place by static electricity forces between the fibers and the thermoplastic.

Once all the fibers are in place, cut them with a scalpel into 2. This helps to keep the fibers straight during compression of the laminate. Place a thermocouple over one corner of the thermoplastic. The thermocouple can be held in place by taping it to the gasket material using high-temperature tape. Complete the assembly by carefully applying another sheet of thermoplastic, release film, and aluminum plate on top of the fibers. Enclose this assembly in a bag of high-temperature material include breather cloth that is attached to a vacuum hose, sealing the edges to assure a perfect seal.

Insert the assembly into a dual-platen thermal press. Pull a vacuum on the bagged assembly. Heat the press platens to the desired temperature and place the assembly in between them so that good thermal contact is established but no pressure. The sample temperature must be monitored and maintained at this temperature to allow the thermoplastic to dry before the assembly is compressed. Increase the temperature of the platens to above the T m of the polymer. Once at temperature, apply a compressive force of Examine the panel and select fibers which are straight.

Dogbone type specimens of selected fibers with same dimensions as those specified for thermoset specimens can now be cut out of the sheets. In Introduction to Aerospace Materials , The number of coupon tests performed on a new material can range from several hundred to many thousand, depending on the material itself and its intended aircraft structural application. A large number of coupon tests are necessary to provide a statistical database on the mechanical properties.

This is because many properties, including yield strength, fracture toughness and fatigue life, are sensitive to small variations in the material. Minor differences in the alloy content, microstructure and defects e. When a large number of coupon tests are performed on the same material then the amount of scatter in the mechanical properties is quantified. For example, Fig. The mean property value is , although the measured properties vary from about 72 to Example of the number and types of coupon and element tests used to evaluate a new composite material for an aircraft structure.

Representation of statistical variations in the mechanical properties of materials. Large databases which quantify the amount of scatter in the mechanical properties are essential for safe aerospace design. The databases are used to determine the so-called material allowables that are used in design analysis. The material allowables are often given under the headings of A or B. The A basis allowable defines the mechanical property values for materials used in safety critical aircraft structures such as the fuselage, wings and undercarriage.

The confidence required in the property values for these materials is critical to aircraft safety. The B basis allowable is less stringent, and is applied to components where material failure does not result in the loss or excessive damage to the aircraft. James G. Surface monitors include test coupons placed at strategic points in the Flowline and also more sophisticated techniques that attempt to measure corrosion rates directly resistance devices, polarization devices, galvanic probes, hydrogen probes and iron counts. In the past, the onset of well problems instigated monitoring.

While waiting for a failure is not recommended, recovering corroded tubing or casing at least provides valuable after-the-fact information, and every opportunity is taken to find out what caused the corrosion and the failure Figure 8.

Some downhole monitoring techniques have been adapted to logging pipelines. The same surface logging equipment is used, but the logging tools themselves have been made more flexible to pass around sharp bends. Short lengths of pipe may be logged by this method but longer lengths are usually monitored by smart pigs. These are sophisticated instrument packages, which use ultrasonic, flux leakage, and other electromagnetic techniques to check for corrosion.

The data are usually stored in the pig itself for later retrieval. The pig is pumped along a pipeline from a launching station to a purpose-built receiving section of the pipeline. Surveys cover tens or even hundreds of miles. In corrosion coupon tests, metal coupons of known metallurgy, size, shape and weight are exposed to a corrosive environment with and without the addition of corrosion inhibitors, and are inspected for corrosion after a period of time e. Corroded coupons are subjected to visual and optical or microscopic examination, weight loss measurement, and surface analysis by various surface analytical techniques.

Weight-loss coupons are widely used in REM inhibitor research under variously selected environmental conditions. Davo et al. The metallurgical phases responsible for the corrosion and inhibition process were identified with a scanning electron microscope SEM coupled to an energy dispersion spectroscopy system EDS , before and after 1-hour, hour and 1-month immersion in a 3. The compounds formed on the alloy surface were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS.

Shi et al. The test solutions were produced by dissolving supersaturated cerium cinnamate into 0. The inhibitor film was also observed by an atomic force microscope AFM. XPS was used for the identification of different elements present on corrosion coupon surfaces. Markley et al. Coupons were polished, cleaned, air dried and immersed in solutions of 0. Blin et al. Ethanol was added to solutions to help the dissolution of the inhibitor, and was evaporated from the solution prior to testing by heating the solution above the boiling temperature of ethanol for several hours.

The pH of the test solutions was between 5. Weight loss measurements were performed as a starting point to estimate relative corrosion rates in control and inhibited systems. ATR-FTIR vibrational spectroscopy was used to examine the nature of the inhibiting complexes attached to the metal surface without the removal of the film. Corrosion coupons are an excellent source of corrosion information if monitoring is carried out correctly and maintained continuously. However, coupon tests have well-known limitations: they are considered to be time consuming and labor intensive.

They may require periodic removal of the test specimen from the corrosive environment, which is cumbersome and may alter the progress of localized corrosion. They only detect the cumulative corrosion damage at the end of the exposure period and provide little information on specific events that may have triggered this damage.

Although the corrosion coupon test appears to be an easy task, there are in fact problems that often lead to unsuccessful and misleading results.

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