A weighed sample coupon of the metal or alloy under consideration is introduced into the process, and later removed after a reasonable time interval. The coupon is then cleaned of all corrosion product and is reweighed. The weight loss is converted to a corrosion rate CR or metal loss ML , as follows: Weight loss determination has a number of attractive features that account for its sustained popularity Simple - No sophisticated instrumentation is required to obtain a result. Direct - A direct measurement is obtained, with no theoretical assumptions or approximations.

Versatile - It is applicable to all corrosive environments, and gives information on all forms of corrosion. Use of corrosion coupon has several advantages as below: No corrosion coupon replacement during the evaluation No maintenance requirements No timetable to accommodate Can be used for all pipes at all flows No electrical requirements No flow rates to maintain or required No equalization period required No big coupon assemblies to install No big coupon assemblies to install For Further details, please contact us.

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Company Details. About the Company. Year of Establishment Nature of Business Manufacturer. Number of Employees 11 to 25 People. Annual Turnover Rs. I agree to the terms and privacy policy. The assembly is transferred to an oven where the appropriate cure cycle for the fiber and matrix being investigated is completed. After cool-down to room temperature, the mold can be curled away from the specimens parallel to the fiber to prevent fiber damage. The test specimens can then be stored in a desiccator until ready for analysis. Prior to testing, the coupons should be inspected for defects such as voids, wavy fibers, multiple fibers, etc.

The specimens are tested in uniaxial tension, using a microstraining machine Her-rera-Franco et al. This allows the operator to assess the fiber fracture process along the entire gage length of the coupon. A transmitted light polarizing microscope should be configured such that there is one polarizer below and one above the test coupon. The fiber diameter is measured using a calibrated eyepiece.

Single fiber fragmentation technique apparatus.

Skasol Incorporated

Fabrication of single fiber fragmentation specimens using a thermoplastic matrix and glass or carbon fiber reinforcement can also be completed with variations in the thermoset procedure as noted below:. Lay fibers across the rubber gasket and the thermoplastic film. The fibers are held in place by static electricity forces between the fibers and the thermoplastic.

Once all the fibers are in place, cut them with a scalpel into 2. This helps to keep the fibers straight during compression of the laminate. Place a thermocouple over one corner of the thermoplastic. The thermocouple can be held in place by taping it to the gasket material using high-temperature tape. Complete the assembly by carefully applying another sheet of thermoplastic, release film, and aluminum plate on top of the fibers.

Enclose this assembly in a bag of high-temperature material include breather cloth that is attached to a vacuum hose, sealing the edges to assure a perfect seal. Insert the assembly into a dual-platen thermal press. Pull a vacuum on the bagged assembly. Heat the press platens to the desired temperature and place the assembly in between them so that good thermal contact is established but no pressure.

The sample temperature must be monitored and maintained at this temperature to allow the thermoplastic to dry before the assembly is compressed. Increase the temperature of the platens to above the T m of the polymer. Once at temperature, apply a compressive force of Examine the panel and select fibers which are straight.

Dogbone type specimens of selected fibers with same dimensions as those specified for thermoset specimens can now be cut out of the sheets. In Introduction to Aerospace Materials , The number of coupon tests performed on a new material can range from several hundred to many thousand, depending on the material itself and its intended aircraft structural application. A large number of coupon tests are necessary to provide a statistical database on the mechanical properties.

This is because many properties, including yield strength, fracture toughness and fatigue life, are sensitive to small variations in the material. Minor differences in the alloy content, microstructure and defects e. When a large number of coupon tests are performed on the same material then the amount of scatter in the mechanical properties is quantified. For example, Fig. The mean property value is , although the measured properties vary from about 72 to Example of the number and types of coupon and element tests used to evaluate a new composite material for an aircraft structure.

Representation of statistical variations in the mechanical properties of materials. Large databases which quantify the amount of scatter in the mechanical properties are essential for safe aerospace design. The databases are used to determine the so-called material allowables that are used in design analysis.

The material allowables are often given under the headings of A or B. The A basis allowable defines the mechanical property values for materials used in safety critical aircraft structures such as the fuselage, wings and undercarriage. The confidence required in the property values for these materials is critical to aircraft safety.

The B basis allowable is less stringent, and is applied to components where material failure does not result in the loss or excessive damage to the aircraft. James G. Surface monitors include test coupons placed at strategic points in the Flowline and also more sophisticated techniques that attempt to measure corrosion rates directly resistance devices, polarization devices, galvanic probes, hydrogen probes and iron counts. In the past, the onset of well problems instigated monitoring.

While waiting for a failure is not recommended, recovering corroded tubing or casing at least provides valuable after-the-fact information, and every opportunity is taken to find out what caused the corrosion and the failure Figure 8. Some downhole monitoring techniques have been adapted to logging pipelines. The same surface logging equipment is used, but the logging tools themselves have been made more flexible to pass around sharp bends. Short lengths of pipe may be logged by this method but longer lengths are usually monitored by smart pigs. These are sophisticated instrument packages, which use ultrasonic, flux leakage, and other electromagnetic techniques to check for corrosion.

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The data are usually stored in the pig itself for later retrieval. The pig is pumped along a pipeline from a launching station to a purpose-built receiving section of the pipeline. Surveys cover tens or even hundreds of miles. In corrosion coupon tests, metal coupons of known metallurgy, size, shape and weight are exposed to a corrosive environment with and without the addition of corrosion inhibitors, and are inspected for corrosion after a period of time e.

Corroded coupons are subjected to visual and optical or microscopic examination, weight loss measurement, and surface analysis by various surface analytical techniques. Weight-loss coupons are widely used in REM inhibitor research under variously selected environmental conditions. Davo et al. The metallurgical phases responsible for the corrosion and inhibition process were identified with a scanning electron microscope SEM coupled to an energy dispersion spectroscopy system EDS , before and after 1-hour, hour and 1-month immersion in a 3.

The compounds formed on the alloy surface were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS. Shi et al. The test solutions were produced by dissolving supersaturated cerium cinnamate into 0.

The inhibitor film was also observed by an atomic force microscope AFM. XPS was used for the identification of different elements present on corrosion coupon surfaces. Markley et al. Coupons were polished, cleaned, air dried and immersed in solutions of 0. Blin et al.

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Ethanol was added to solutions to help the dissolution of the inhibitor, and was evaporated from the solution prior to testing by heating the solution above the boiling temperature of ethanol for several hours. The pH of the test solutions was between 5. Weight loss measurements were performed as a starting point to estimate relative corrosion rates in control and inhibited systems. In that paper, it was concluded that primary adhesion is affected by the type of adhesive system, the type and level of the antiozonant, and by the type of cure system in the rubber compound.

It was shown that at lower curing temperatures, some adhesive systems were more sensitive to the presence of 6PPD antiozonant than other adhesive systems. At higher curing temperatures with compounds containing a high-sulfur cure system, these differences were indistinguishable. A low sulfur cure system was significantly more sensitive than the equivalent high sulfur cure system same accelerator to the presence of the 77PD antiozonant as evidenced by significant loss in bond strength.

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Because of the widespread use of antiozonants in bonded mounts and the potential impact on adhesion from their inclusion in the formulation, a more detailed study of the effect of antiozonants was undertaken. Antiozonants are used in compounds to increase environmental resistance. Previous work [1] focused only on primary bond strength. Primary adhesion is only a first indicator of bond integrity. Having a good primary bond does not guarantee that the bond will withstand degrading environmental conditions during extended service.

One accelerated test that has been used traditionally to evaluate secondary adhesion environmental robustness of bonded parts in a lab setting is a stressed boiling water test. For the first portion of the study, two solvent-based adhesive systems and one aqueous adhesive system were chosen.

All three systems employed a primer and an adhesive covercoat. The two solvent-based adhesives represent first and second generation technologies. The aqueous adhesive system is experimental and represents newly-developed third generation technology. Commercially available materials were used in compounding the formulations used in this study.

Table 1 shows the chemical identification of the antiozonants along with the specific commercial materials used in the study.